{
  "title": "The Passband Corpus v0.2",
  "license": "CC BY 4.0",
  "source": "The Foundation of Asha — the passband analyzer",
  "tests_prediction": "Book XIX, Chapter 19.1, Construction I — The Chancellery Carrier, Prediction 1 (the passband test). Pre-registered in The Library That Does Not Burn, DOI 10.5281/zenodo.21879071, deposited 2026-08-10.",
  "provenance": "This is an OPEN RECONSTRUCTION of the loanword inventory from the standard published scholarship (Noonan, Non-Semitic Loanwords in the Hebrew Bible, Eisenbrauns 2019; Shaked's Encyclopaedia Iranica entries on Iranian loanwords; Ciancaglini, Iranian Loanwords in Syriac, 2008; HALOT; BDB). It is NOT a transcription of any single catalogue, and it is not claimed to be exhaustive. Every entry carries its biblical attestations so that any reader can check inclusion, exclusion, and gloss against the text itself. Etymologies contested in the literature are tagged 'disputed' rather than omitted, and the analysis reports a sensitivity pass over confidence tiers. Corrections are the point: this file is versioned and errata will be published against it.",
  "tagging_rule": "Each lexeme is assigned exactly one semantic field from the World Loanword Database (WOLD; Haspelmath & Tadmor, eds., Loanwords in the World's Languages, De Gruyter 2009) 24-field taxonomy. The taxonomy is EXTERNAL to this hypothesis and was chosen before tagging precisely so the categories could not be gerrymandered to fit. Assignment is by the lexeme's core denotation, not by its theological use in context. Two consequences of that rule work AGAINST the hypothesis under test and are kept deliberately: (a) raz 'secret' is tagged Cognition, not Religion, though in Daniel it is the word for the mystery God reveals; (b) official documents (nistewan, patsegen) are tagged Speech and language, not Law. WOLD's field 18 mixes documents with music; a 'subfield' key preserves that distinction for readers, but no statistic depends on it.",
  "versification_note": "Chapter and verse numbers follow the Masoretic text as printed in BHS. Where English editions diverge from the MT the difference is at most one verse; Daniel 6 is the notable case (MT 6:2 = English 6:1). Readers checking attestations against an English Bible should allow for that offset in Daniel 6 and in a few places in Nehemiah and Esther. Attestation lists are representative of the lexeme's distribution, not always exhaustive of every occurrence; the analysis counts LEXEMES, never occurrences, so completeness of the verse list affects verifiability but not a single reported statistic.",
  "wold_fields": {
    "1": "The physical world",
    "2": "Kinship",
    "3": "Animals",
    "4": "The body",
    "5": "Food and drink",
    "6": "Clothing and grooming",
    "7": "The house",
    "8": "Agriculture and vegetation",
    "9": "Basic actions and technology",
    "10": "Motion",
    "11": "Possession",
    "12": "Spatial relations",
    "13": "Quantity",
    "14": "Time",
    "15": "Sense perception",
    "16": "Emotions and values",
    "17": "Cognition",
    "18": "Speech and language",
    "19": "Social and political relations",
    "20": "Warfare and hunting",
    "21": "Law",
    "22": "Religion and belief",
    "23": "The modern world",
    "24": "Miscellaneous function words"
  },
  "columns": [
    "stratum",
    "lemma",
    "script",
    "donor_etymon",
    "gloss",
    "wold_field_no",
    "wold_field",
    "confidence",
    "attestations",
    "note"
  ],
  "rows": [
    {
      "stratum": "iranian",
      "lemma": "dat",
      "script": "דָּת",
      "donor_etymon": "*data- 'that which is set down, law'",
      "gloss": "law, royal decree",
      "wold_field_no": 21,
      "wold_field": "Law",
      "confidence": "secure",
      "attestations": "Esth 1:8; Esth 1:13; Esth 1:15; Esth 1:19; Esth 3:8; Esth 3:14; Esth 4:11; Esth 8:17; Ezra 7:12; Ezra 7:21; Ezra 7:25; Ezra 7:26; Dan 2:9; Dan 2:13; Dan 6:9; Dan 6:13; Dan 6:16; Dan 7:25",
      "note": "The flagship administrative loan; supplies the standing Second Temple word for royal law and, in Ezra 7:12, for the law of God."
    },
    {
      "stratum": "iranian",
      "lemma": "pitgam",
      "script": "פִּתְגָם",
      "donor_etymon": "*pati-gama- 'that which has come back, reply'",
      "gloss": "edict, official reply, judicial sentence",
      "wold_field_no": 21,
      "wold_field": "Law",
      "confidence": "secure",
      "attestations": "Esth 1:20; Qoh 8:11; Ezra 4:17; Ezra 5:7; Ezra 5:11; Ezra 6:11; Dan 3:16; Dan 4:14",
      "note": "Qoh 8:11 uses it for a sentence passed against an evil deed — judicial, and outside the court-tale genre."
    },
    {
      "stratum": "iranian",
      "lemma": "'ahasdarpan",
      "script": "אֲחַשְׁדַּרְפָּן",
      "donor_etymon": "*xsaca-pavan- 'protector of the realm'",
      "gloss": "satrap",
      "wold_field_no": 19,
      "wold_field": "Social and political relations",
      "confidence": "secure",
      "attestations": "Esth 3:12; Esth 8:9; Esth 9:3; Ezra 8:36; Dan 3:2; Dan 3:3; Dan 3:27; Dan 6:2; Dan 6:3; Dan 6:4; Dan 6:7; Dan 6:8",
      "note": ""
    },
    {
      "stratum": "iranian",
      "lemma": "gizbar",
      "script": "גִּזְבָר",
      "donor_etymon": "*ganza-bara- 'treasure-bearer'",
      "gloss": "treasurer",
      "wold_field_no": 19,
      "wold_field": "Social and political relations",
      "confidence": "secure",
      "attestations": "Ezra 1:8; Ezra 7:21",
      "note": "Office title; tagged Social and political relations with the other offices."
    },
    {
      "stratum": "iranian",
      "lemma": "gedabar",
      "script": "גְּדָבַר",
      "donor_etymon": "*ganza-bara- (by-form)",
      "gloss": "treasurer",
      "wold_field_no": 19,
      "wold_field": "Social and political relations",
      "confidence": "secure",
      "attestations": "Dan 3:2; Dan 3:3",
      "note": "Aramaic by-form of the same title in the Daniel 3 officials list."
    },
    {
      "stratum": "iranian",
      "lemma": "'adargazar",
      "script": "אֲדַרְגָזַר",
      "donor_etymon": "*handarza-kara- 'counsel-maker'",
      "gloss": "counselor, one who renders judgment",
      "wold_field_no": 21,
      "wold_field": "Law",
      "confidence": "secure",
      "attestations": "Dan 3:2; Dan 3:3",
      "note": ""
    },
    {
      "stratum": "iranian",
      "lemma": "detabar",
      "script": "דְּתָבַר",
      "donor_etymon": "*data-bara- 'law-bearer'",
      "gloss": "judge",
      "wold_field_no": 21,
      "wold_field": "Law",
      "confidence": "secure",
      "attestations": "Dan 3:2; Dan 3:3",
      "note": "A compound of the same *data- that gives dat: the judiciary arrives as a compound of the word for decree."
    },
    {
      "stratum": "iranian",
      "lemma": "tiptay",
      "script": "תִפְתָּי",
      "donor_etymon": "uncertain Iranian; perhaps *tipati- 'magistrate'",
      "gloss": "magistrate, law officer",
      "wold_field_no": 21,
      "wold_field": "Law",
      "confidence": "disputed",
      "attestations": "Dan 3:2; Dan 3:3",
      "note": "Etymology unsettled; retained as disputed rather than dropped."
    },
    {
      "stratum": "iranian",
      "lemma": "sarak",
      "script": "סָרַך",
      "donor_etymon": "*sara-ka- 'chief, head'",
      "gloss": "high official, president",
      "wold_field_no": 19,
      "wold_field": "Social and political relations",
      "confidence": "secure",
      "attestations": "Dan 6:3; Dan 6:4; Dan 6:5; Dan 6:7; Dan 6:8",
      "note": ""
    },
    {
      "stratum": "iranian",
      "lemma": "hadabar",
      "script": "הַדָּבַר",
      "donor_etymon": "*hada-bara- 'associate, fellow-counselor'",
      "gloss": "royal counselor, minister",
      "wold_field_no": 19,
      "wold_field": "Social and political relations",
      "confidence": "probable",
      "attestations": "Dan 3:24; Dan 3:27; Dan 4:33; Dan 6:8",
      "note": ""
    },
    {
      "stratum": "iranian",
      "lemma": "partemim",
      "script": "פַּרְתְּמִים",
      "donor_etymon": "*fratama- 'foremost, first'",
      "gloss": "nobles, high-ranking men",
      "wold_field_no": 19,
      "wold_field": "Social and political relations",
      "confidence": "secure",
      "attestations": "Esth 1:3; Esth 6:9; Dan 1:3",
      "note": ""
    },
    {
      "stratum": "iranian",
      "lemma": "tirsata'",
      "script": "תִּרְשָׁתָא",
      "donor_etymon": "Old Iranian title, perhaps *tarsata- 'the revered one'",
      "gloss": "the governor (title borne by Nehemiah)",
      "wold_field_no": 19,
      "wold_field": "Social and political relations",
      "confidence": "probable",
      "attestations": "Ezra 2:63; Neh 7:65; Neh 7:70; Neh 8:9; Neh 10:2",
      "note": "An Iranian office title worn by the Judean governor himself."
    },
    {
      "stratum": "iranian",
      "lemma": "'aparsatkay",
      "script": "אֲפַרְסָתְכָי",
      "donor_etymon": "perhaps *frasta-ka- 'investigator, envoy'",
      "gloss": "a class of imperial officials",
      "wold_field_no": 19,
      "wold_field": "Social and political relations",
      "confidence": "disputed",
      "attestations": "Ezra 4:9; Ezra 5:6; Ezra 6:6",
      "note": "Read by some as an ethnonym rather than an office; kept as disputed."
    },
    {
      "stratum": "iranian",
      "lemma": "'ahastseran",
      "script": "אֲחַשְׁתְּרָן",
      "donor_etymon": "*xsaca- 'royal power' + suffix",
      "gloss": "royal (of the post-horses of the king's courier service)",
      "wold_field_no": 19,
      "wold_field": "Social and political relations",
      "confidence": "secure",
      "attestations": "Esth 8:10; Esth 8:14",
      "note": "The imperial post; the adjective is built on the word for royal authority."
    },
    {
      "stratum": "iranian",
      "lemma": "keroz",
      "script": "כְּרוֹז",
      "donor_etymon": "disputed: Old Iranian *xrausa- 'crier' vs Greek kerux",
      "gloss": "herald (with denominative verb keraz 'to proclaim')",
      "wold_field_no": 19,
      "wold_field": "Social and political relations",
      "confidence": "disputed",
      "attestations": "Dan 3:4; Dan 5:29",
      "note": "Donor genuinely contested between the two comparison strata; assigned to Iranian per the traditional argument and flagged. Excluded automatically from the secure-only pass."
    },
    {
      "stratum": "iranian",
      "lemma": "genez",
      "script": "גְּנַז",
      "donor_etymon": "*ganza- 'treasure'",
      "gloss": "treasury, treasure-house",
      "wold_field_no": 11,
      "wold_field": "Possession",
      "confidence": "secure",
      "attestations": "Esth 3:9; Esth 4:7; Ezra 5:17; Ezra 6:1; Ezra 7:20",
      "note": "Ezra 6:1 — the archive where the decree is searched for. The word for treasury is also the word for record-store."
    },
    {
      "stratum": "iranian",
      "lemma": "nibzba",
      "script": "נְבִזְבָּה",
      "donor_etymon": "Old Iranian, perhaps *ni-baz-ba- 'largesse'",
      "gloss": "gift, royal reward",
      "wold_field_no": 11,
      "wold_field": "Possession",
      "confidence": "probable",
      "attestations": "Dan 2:6; Dan 5:17",
      "note": ""
    },
    {
      "stratum": "iranian",
      "lemma": "'appetom",
      "script": "אַפְּתֹם",
      "donor_etymon": "uncertain Iranian, perhaps *apa-tama- 'revenue' or 'finally'",
      "gloss": "treasury / revenue (or adverbially, 'in the end')",
      "wold_field_no": 11,
      "wold_field": "Possession",
      "confidence": "disputed",
      "attestations": "Ezra 4:13",
      "note": "Both the etymology and the part of speech are contested."
    },
    {
      "stratum": "iranian",
      "lemma": "'adarkon",
      "script": "אֲדַרְכֹּן",
      "donor_etymon": "the daric, from the royal name Darius (or Greek drachme)",
      "gloss": "daric, a gold coin",
      "wold_field_no": 11,
      "wold_field": "Possession",
      "confidence": "disputed",
      "attestations": "Ezra 8:27; 1 Chr 29:7",
      "note": "Donor contested between Iranian and Greek; the coin is the Persian state's own instrument either way."
    },
    {
      "stratum": "iranian",
      "lemma": "nistewan",
      "script": "נִשְׁתְּוָן",
      "donor_etymon": "*ni-stavana- 'that which is written down'",
      "gloss": "official letter, written rescript",
      "wold_field_no": 18,
      "wold_field": "Speech and language",
      "confidence": "secure",
      "attestations": "Ezra 4:7; Ezra 4:18; Ezra 4:23; Ezra 5:5; Ezra 7:11",
      "note": "Tagged Speech and language by the core-denotation rule, though its every biblical use is administrative. The rule is applied against the hypothesis on purpose."
    },
    {
      "stratum": "iranian",
      "lemma": "patsegen",
      "script": "פַּתְשֶׁגֶן",
      "donor_etymon": "*pati-cagna- 'copy'",
      "gloss": "copy of a document, transcript",
      "wold_field_no": 18,
      "wold_field": "Speech and language",
      "confidence": "secure",
      "attestations": "Esth 3:14; Esth 4:8; Esth 8:13; Ezra 4:11; Ezra 4:23; Ezra 5:6; Ezra 7:11",
      "note": "The bureaucratic concept of the certified copy, borrowed whole. Tagged Speech and language, not Law."
    },
    {
      "stratum": "iranian",
      "lemma": "raz",
      "script": "רָז",
      "donor_etymon": "*raza- 'secret'",
      "gloss": "secret, mystery",
      "wold_field_no": 17,
      "wold_field": "Cognition",
      "confidence": "secure",
      "attestations": "Dan 2:18; Dan 2:19; Dan 2:27; Dan 2:28; Dan 2:29; Dan 2:30; Dan 2:47; Dan 4:6",
      "note": "Tagged Cognition, NOT Religion, by the core-denotation rule — although in Daniel it is precisely the word for the mystery God discloses, and it becomes a technical term of Qumran and apocalyptic theology. This single assignment is the most consequential conservative call in the file; moving it to Religion would by itself destroy the zero reported in field 22. It is left where the rule puts it, and flagged here so that any critic can re-run the analysis the other way."
    },
    {
      "stratum": "iranian",
      "lemma": "'azda",
      "script": "אַזְדָּא",
      "donor_etymon": "*azda- 'known, certain'",
      "gloss": "known, publicly declared, assured",
      "wold_field_no": 17,
      "wold_field": "Cognition",
      "confidence": "secure",
      "attestations": "Dan 2:5; Dan 2:8",
      "note": ""
    },
    {
      "stratum": "iranian",
      "lemma": "'osparna'",
      "script": "אָסְפַּרְנָא",
      "donor_etymon": "*us-parna- 'complete, in full'",
      "gloss": "exactly, diligently, in full (of executing an order)",
      "wold_field_no": 24,
      "wold_field": "Miscellaneous function words",
      "confidence": "secure",
      "attestations": "Ezra 5:8; Ezra 6:8; Ezra 6:12; Ezra 6:13; Ezra 7:17; Ezra 7:21; Ezra 7:26",
      "note": "An adverb of administrative compliance; every attestation concerns carrying out a royal order."
    },
    {
      "stratum": "iranian",
      "lemma": "'appeden",
      "script": "אַפֶּדֶן",
      "donor_etymon": "*apadana- 'audience hall'",
      "gloss": "palace pavilion",
      "wold_field_no": 7,
      "wold_field": "The house",
      "confidence": "secure",
      "attestations": "Dan 11:45",
      "note": "The Persepolis apadana, borrowed as a common noun."
    },
    {
      "stratum": "iranian",
      "lemma": "bitan",
      "script": "בִּיתָן",
      "donor_etymon": "uncertain; Iranian building term or Semitic *bayit extension",
      "gloss": "palace, pavilion",
      "wold_field_no": 7,
      "wold_field": "The house",
      "confidence": "disputed",
      "attestations": "Esth 1:5; Esth 7:7; Esth 7:8",
      "note": ""
    },
    {
      "stratum": "iranian",
      "lemma": "'usarna'",
      "script": "אֻשַּׁרְנָא",
      "donor_etymon": "uncertain Iranian construction term",
      "gloss": "structure, panelling, or wall",
      "wold_field_no": 7,
      "wold_field": "The house",
      "confidence": "disputed",
      "attestations": "Ezra 5:3; Ezra 5:9",
      "note": ""
    },
    {
      "stratum": "iranian",
      "lemma": "pardes",
      "script": "פַּרְדֵּס",
      "donor_etymon": "*pari-daiza- 'walled enclosure'",
      "gloss": "park, walled garden, royal enclosure",
      "wold_field_no": 8,
      "wold_field": "Agriculture and vegetation",
      "confidence": "secure",
      "attestations": "Neh 2:8; Qoh 2:5; Song 4:13",
      "note": "Tagged Agriculture and vegetation, not Religion — the eschatological sense of 'paradise' is entirely post-biblical and must not be smuggled into the tagging. Two of three attestations (Qohelet, Song of Songs) sit outside the court-tale books, which matters for the genre control."
    },
    {
      "stratum": "iranian",
      "lemma": "patbag",
      "script": "פַּתְבַג",
      "donor_etymon": "*pati-baga- 'portion, allotted share'",
      "gloss": "allotted provision from the royal table",
      "wold_field_no": 5,
      "wold_field": "Food and drink",
      "confidence": "secure",
      "attestations": "Dan 1:5; Dan 1:8; Dan 1:13; Dan 1:15; Dan 1:16; Dan 11:26",
      "note": "A food word — a genuine counterexample to a tight administrative passband, kept and counted as such."
    },
    {
      "stratum": "iranian",
      "lemma": "haddam",
      "script": "הַדָּם",
      "donor_etymon": "*handama- 'limb'",
      "gloss": "limb, piece (of a dismembered body)",
      "wold_field_no": 4,
      "wold_field": "The body",
      "confidence": "secure",
      "attestations": "Dan 2:5; Dan 3:29",
      "note": "A body word, and a counterexample. Both attestations occur inside a royal penal formula ('shall be made limbs'), but the lexeme's core denotation is anatomical and it is tagged accordingly."
    },
    {
      "stratum": "iranian",
      "lemma": "karbela'",
      "script": "כַּרְבְּלָא",
      "donor_etymon": "Iranian headgear term, unsettled",
      "gloss": "cap, headdress",
      "wold_field_no": 6,
      "wold_field": "Clothing and grooming",
      "confidence": "disputed",
      "attestations": "Dan 3:21",
      "note": "One of four garment words in a single verse; all are counterexamples and all are etymologically insecure."
    },
    {
      "stratum": "iranian",
      "lemma": "sarbal",
      "script": "סַרְבָּל",
      "donor_etymon": "disputed: Iranian *salvar 'trousers' vs Akkadian",
      "gloss": "trousers or mantle",
      "wold_field_no": 6,
      "wold_field": "Clothing and grooming",
      "confidence": "disputed",
      "attestations": "Dan 3:21; Dan 3:27",
      "note": ""
    },
    {
      "stratum": "iranian",
      "lemma": "pattis",
      "script": "פַּטְישְׁ",
      "donor_etymon": "uncertain Iranian garment term",
      "gloss": "tunic or leggings",
      "wold_field_no": 6,
      "wold_field": "Clothing and grooming",
      "confidence": "disputed",
      "attestations": "Dan 3:21",
      "note": ""
    },
    {
      "stratum": "iranian",
      "lemma": "hamnika'",
      "script": "הַמְנִיכָא",
      "donor_etymon": "*hama-ni-ka- 'neck-ring, torque'",
      "gloss": "necklace, torque of office",
      "wold_field_no": 6,
      "wold_field": "Clothing and grooming",
      "confidence": "probable",
      "attestations": "Dan 5:7; Dan 5:16; Dan 5:29",
      "note": "A garment word, though in every attestation it is an insignia of appointment to office."
    },
    {
      "stratum": "iranian",
      "lemma": "karpas",
      "script": "כַּרְפַּס",
      "donor_etymon": "*karpasa- 'fine cotton' (ultimately Indic)",
      "gloss": "fine cotton or linen fabric",
      "wold_field_no": 6,
      "wold_field": "Clothing and grooming",
      "confidence": "probable",
      "attestations": "Esth 1:6",
      "note": "Reaches Hebrew through Iranian from an Indic source — a reminder that the corridor carried goods as well as concepts."
    },
    {
      "stratum": "iranian",
      "lemma": "zeman",
      "script": "זְמָן",
      "donor_etymon": "disputed: Iranian *zamana- vs Akkadian simanu",
      "gloss": "appointed time, season",
      "wold_field_no": 14,
      "wold_field": "Time",
      "confidence": "disputed",
      "attestations": "Esth 9:27; Esth 9:31; Neh 2:6; Qoh 3:1; Dan 2:16; Dan 7:12; Dan 7:25",
      "note": "Donor contested; a time word and a counterexample either way."
    },
    {
      "stratum": "iranian",
      "lemma": "'arik",
      "script": "אֲרִיך",
      "donor_etymon": "perhaps *arika- 'fitting'",
      "gloss": "fitting, proper",
      "wold_field_no": 16,
      "wold_field": "Emotions and values",
      "confidence": "disputed",
      "attestations": "Ezra 4:14",
      "note": ""
    },
    {
      "stratum": "iranian",
      "lemma": "zan",
      "script": "זַן",
      "donor_etymon": "*zana- 'kind, sort'",
      "gloss": "kind, variety",
      "wold_field_no": 24,
      "wold_field": "Miscellaneous function words",
      "confidence": "probable",
      "attestations": "Ps 144:13; 2 Chr 16:14",
      "note": ""
    },
    {
      "stratum": "greek",
      "lemma": "qayteros / qatros",
      "script": "קַיתְרֹס",
      "donor_etymon": "kitharis 'lyre'",
      "gloss": "lyre, kithara",
      "wold_field_no": 18,
      "wold_field": "Speech and language",
      "confidence": "secure",
      "attestations": "Dan 3:5; Dan 3:7; Dan 3:10; Dan 3:15",
      "note": ""
    },
    {
      "stratum": "greek",
      "lemma": "pesanterin",
      "script": "פְּסַנְתֵּרִין",
      "donor_etymon": "psalterion",
      "gloss": "psaltery, harp",
      "wold_field_no": 18,
      "wold_field": "Speech and language",
      "confidence": "secure",
      "attestations": "Dan 3:5; Dan 3:7; Dan 3:10; Dan 3:15",
      "note": ""
    },
    {
      "stratum": "greek",
      "lemma": "sumponyah",
      "script": "סוּמְפֹּנְיָה",
      "donor_etymon": "symphonia",
      "gloss": "a wind instrument, or an ensemble sounding together",
      "wold_field_no": 18,
      "wold_field": "Speech and language",
      "confidence": "probable",
      "attestations": "Dan 3:5; Dan 3:10; Dan 3:15",
      "note": "Whether it names an instrument or the concerted sound is debated; the semantic field is unaffected."
    },
    {
      "stratum": "greek",
      "lemma": "sabbeka'",
      "script": "שַׂבְּכָא",
      "donor_etymon": "sambuke",
      "gloss": "a triangular stringed instrument",
      "wold_field_no": 18,
      "wold_field": "Speech and language",
      "confidence": "disputed",
      "attestations": "Dan 3:5; Dan 3:7; Dan 3:10; Dan 3:15",
      "note": "Possibly a Semitic word borrowed INTO Greek and returning; direction of borrowing contested."
    },
    {
      "stratum": "akkadian",
      "lemma": "pehah",
      "script": "פֶּחָה",
      "donor_etymon": "pahatu 'governor'",
      "gloss": "governor of a province",
      "wold_field_no": 19,
      "wold_field": "Social and political relations",
      "confidence": "secure",
      "attestations": "Neh 5:14; Neh 12:26; Esth 3:12; Esth 8:9; Ezra 5:3; Ezra 5:14; Ezra 6:6",
      "note": "A direct counterexample: the prior imperial language also supplied a governor-title, and the Persian administration kept using it."
    },
    {
      "stratum": "akkadian",
      "lemma": "segan",
      "script": "סְגַן",
      "donor_etymon": "saknu 'appointee, prefect'",
      "gloss": "prefect, deputy",
      "wold_field_no": 19,
      "wold_field": "Social and political relations",
      "confidence": "secure",
      "attestations": "Ezra 9:2; Neh 2:16; Neh 4:8; Neh 5:7; Neh 13:11; Dan 2:48; Dan 3:2; Dan 3:3; Dan 3:27; Dan 6:8",
      "note": "Stands in the same Daniel 3 officials list as the Iranian titles."
    },
    {
      "stratum": "akkadian",
      "lemma": "saris",
      "script": "סָרִיס",
      "donor_etymon": "sa resi 'he of the head, court official'",
      "gloss": "court official, eunuch",
      "wold_field_no": 19,
      "wold_field": "Social and political relations",
      "confidence": "secure",
      "attestations": "Esth 1:10; Esth 2:3; Esth 2:14; Esth 4:4; Dan 1:3; Dan 1:7; Dan 1:8; Dan 1:11; Dan 1:18",
      "note": ""
    },
    {
      "stratum": "akkadian",
      "lemma": "'iggeret",
      "script": "אִגֶּרֶת",
      "donor_etymon": "egirtu 'letter, document'",
      "gloss": "letter, official dispatch",
      "wold_field_no": 18,
      "wold_field": "Speech and language",
      "confidence": "secure",
      "attestations": "Esth 9:26; Esth 9:29; Neh 2:7; Neh 2:8; Neh 2:9; Neh 6:5; Neh 6:17; Neh 6:19; 2 Chr 30:1; 2 Chr 30:6",
      "note": ""
    },
    {
      "stratum": "akkadian",
      "lemma": "birah",
      "script": "בִּירָה",
      "donor_etymon": "birtu 'fort, citadel'",
      "gloss": "citadel, fortified acropolis",
      "wold_field_no": 7,
      "wold_field": "The house",
      "confidence": "secure",
      "attestations": "Neh 1:1; Neh 2:8; Neh 7:2; Esth 1:2; Esth 1:5; Esth 2:3; Esth 3:15; Dan 8:2; 1 Chr 29:1; 1 Chr 29:19",
      "note": ""
    },
    {
      "stratum": "akkadian",
      "lemma": "pur",
      "script": "פּוּר",
      "donor_etymon": "puru 'lot, die'",
      "gloss": "lot (cast to determine a fated day)",
      "wold_field_no": 22,
      "wold_field": "Religion and belief",
      "confidence": "secure",
      "attestations": "Esth 3:7; Esth 9:24; Esth 9:26",
      "note": "A divinatory instrument, tagged Religion and belief. Esther 3:7 glosses it for the reader with the native goral — the narrator knows it is a foreign cultic term and explains it. This is the single most important entry in the comparison strata: it demonstrates that religious-field borrowing into these very books was possible and did occur, just not from Iranian."
    },
    {
      "stratum": "akkadian",
      "lemma": "'argaman",
      "script": "אַרְגָּמָן",
      "donor_etymon": "argamannu (ultimately Anatolian)",
      "gloss": "purple cloth, purple dye",
      "wold_field_no": 6,
      "wold_field": "Clothing and grooming",
      "confidence": "secure",
      "attestations": "Esth 1:6; Esth 8:15; Dan 5:7; Dan 5:16; Dan 5:29; 2 Chr 2:6; 2 Chr 2:13; 2 Chr 3:14",
      "note": ""
    },
    {
      "stratum": "akkadian",
      "lemma": "hekal",
      "script": "הֵיכָל",
      "donor_etymon": "ekallu, from Sumerian E.GAL 'great house'",
      "gloss": "palace; temple",
      "wold_field_no": 7,
      "wold_field": "The house",
      "confidence": "secure",
      "attestations": "Neh 6:10; Neh 6:11; Ezra 3:6; Ezra 3:10; Ezra 4:1; Ezra 5:14; Ezra 6:5; Dan 1:4; Dan 4:1; Dan 5:2; Dan 5:3; Dan 5:5",
      "note": "Doubles as the word for the Jerusalem temple — a cultic use for a borrowed building word."
    },
    {
      "stratum": "akkadian",
      "lemma": "maneh",
      "script": "מָנֶה",
      "donor_etymon": "manu 'mina'",
      "gloss": "mina, a weight and monetary unit",
      "wold_field_no": 13,
      "wold_field": "Quantity",
      "confidence": "secure",
      "attestations": "Ezra 2:69; Neh 7:70; Neh 7:71; Neh 7:72; Dan 5:25; Dan 5:26",
      "note": ""
    },
    {
      "stratum": "akkadian",
      "lemma": "'ikkar",
      "script": "אִכָּר",
      "donor_etymon": "ikkaru 'farmer'",
      "gloss": "ploughman, farmer",
      "wold_field_no": 8,
      "wold_field": "Agriculture and vegetation",
      "confidence": "secure",
      "attestations": "2 Chr 26:10",
      "note": ""
    },
    {
      "stratum": "akkadian",
      "lemma": "nisan",
      "script": "נִיסָן",
      "donor_etymon": "Babylonian month Nisannu",
      "gloss": "Nisan, the first month",
      "wold_field_no": 14,
      "wold_field": "Time",
      "confidence": "secure",
      "attestations": "Neh 2:1; Esth 3:7",
      "note": "Part of the Babylonian calendar block — the cultic year of post-exilic Judaism runs on borrowed Akkadian month names, while not one Iranian calendar term crosses."
    },
    {
      "stratum": "akkadian",
      "lemma": "'elul",
      "script": "אֱלוּל",
      "donor_etymon": "Babylonian month Ululu",
      "gloss": "Elul, the sixth month",
      "wold_field_no": 14,
      "wold_field": "Time",
      "confidence": "secure",
      "attestations": "Neh 6:15",
      "note": ""
    },
    {
      "stratum": "akkadian",
      "lemma": "kislew",
      "script": "כִסְלֵו",
      "donor_etymon": "Babylonian month Kislimu",
      "gloss": "Kislev, the ninth month",
      "wold_field_no": 14,
      "wold_field": "Time",
      "confidence": "secure",
      "attestations": "Neh 1:1; Zech 7:1",
      "note": ""
    },
    {
      "stratum": "akkadian",
      "lemma": "tebet",
      "script": "טֵבֵת",
      "donor_etymon": "Babylonian month Tebetu",
      "gloss": "Tebeth, the tenth month",
      "wold_field_no": 14,
      "wold_field": "Time",
      "confidence": "secure",
      "attestations": "Esth 2:16",
      "note": ""
    },
    {
      "stratum": "akkadian",
      "lemma": "sebat",
      "script": "שְׁבָט",
      "donor_etymon": "Babylonian month Sabatu",
      "gloss": "Shebat, the eleventh month",
      "wold_field_no": 14,
      "wold_field": "Time",
      "confidence": "secure",
      "attestations": "Zech 1:7",
      "note": "Attested in Zechariah rather than the six books; retained because the calendar block is a single borrowing event and splitting it would misrepresent it. Flagged as an inclusion-rule exception."
    },
    {
      "stratum": "akkadian",
      "lemma": "'adar",
      "script": "אֲדָר",
      "donor_etymon": "Babylonian month Addaru",
      "gloss": "Adar, the twelfth month",
      "wold_field_no": 14,
      "wold_field": "Time",
      "confidence": "secure",
      "attestations": "Esth 3:7; Esth 3:13; Esth 8:12; Esth 9:1; Ezra 6:15",
      "note": ""
    },
    {
      "stratum": "akkadian",
      "lemma": "siwan",
      "script": "סִיוָן",
      "donor_etymon": "Babylonian month Simanu",
      "gloss": "Sivan, the third month",
      "wold_field_no": 14,
      "wold_field": "Time",
      "confidence": "secure",
      "attestations": "Esth 8:9",
      "note": ""
    },
    {
      "stratum": "akkadian",
      "lemma": "tammuz",
      "script": "תַּמּוז",
      "donor_etymon": "the god Dumuzi / Tammuz",
      "gloss": "Tammuz, a deity mourned in the temple",
      "wold_field_no": 22,
      "wold_field": "Religion and belief",
      "confidence": "secure",
      "attestations": "Ezek 8:14",
      "note": "Attested in Ezekiel, outside the six books. Flagged as an inclusion-rule exception and EXCLUDED from the six-books comparison by the analyzer; recorded here because it is a second instance of Akkadian religious-field borrowing and its omission would flatter the hypothesis."
    },
    {
      "stratum": "akkadian",
      "lemma": "'ashshaf",
      "script": "אַשָּׁף",
      "donor_etymon": "asipu 'incantation-priest, exorcist'",
      "gloss": "conjurer, exorcist, incantation-specialist",
      "wold_field_no": 22,
      "wold_field": "Religion and belief",
      "confidence": "secure",
      "attestations": "Dan 1:20; Dan 2:2; Dan 2:10; Dan 2:27; Dan 4:4; Dan 5:7; Dan 5:11; Dan 5:15",
      "note": "ADDED IN THE v0.2 EXPANSION. A religious-professional loan inside the six books, and inside Daniel specifically. Together with hartom (Egyptian) it means Daniel 1:20 and 2:2 list foreign classes of religious specialist borrowed from two donor languages — and from neither of them Iranian."
    },
    {
      "stratum": "akkadian",
      "lemma": "kasdim (as a class of diviners)",
      "script": "כַּשְׂדִּים",
      "donor_etymon": "Kaldu, the ethnonym, used in Daniel as a professional designation",
      "gloss": "Chaldeans, i.e. a class of astrologers/diviners",
      "wold_field_no": 22,
      "wold_field": "Religion and belief",
      "confidence": "disputed",
      "attestations": "Dan 2:2; Dan 2:4; Dan 2:5; Dan 2:10; Dan 4:4; Dan 5:7; Dan 5:11",
      "note": "An ethnonym functioning as a professional term, which sits awkwardly against the proper-noun exclusion rule. Tagged disputed and retained: dropping it would remove a religious-field loan from the comparison stratum and thereby flatter the hypothesis."
    },
    {
      "stratum": "akkadian",
      "lemma": "tiphsar",
      "script": "טִפְסָר",
      "donor_etymon": "tupsarru 'tablet-writer, scribe'",
      "gloss": "scribe, marshal",
      "wold_field_no": 19,
      "wold_field": "Social and political relations",
      "confidence": "secure",
      "attestations": "Jer 51:27; Nah 3:17",
      "note": "ADDED IN THE v0.2 EXPANSION. An administrative loan for the comparison stratum — added because it works against the hypothesis."
    },
    {
      "stratum": "akkadian",
      "lemma": "rab-saris",
      "script": "רַב־סָרִיס",
      "donor_etymon": "rab sa resi 'chief officer'",
      "gloss": "chief court official",
      "wold_field_no": 19,
      "wold_field": "Social and political relations",
      "confidence": "secure",
      "attestations": "2 Kgs 18:17; Jer 39:3; Jer 39:13",
      "note": ""
    },
    {
      "stratum": "akkadian",
      "lemma": "rab-shaqeh",
      "script": "רַב־שָׁקֵה",
      "donor_etymon": "rab saqe 'chief cupbearer', an Assyrian officer title",
      "gloss": "high Assyrian officer",
      "wold_field_no": 19,
      "wold_field": "Social and political relations",
      "confidence": "secure",
      "attestations": "2 Kgs 18:17; 2 Kgs 18:19; 2 Kgs 18:26; Isa 36:2",
      "note": ""
    },
    {
      "stratum": "akkadian",
      "lemma": "rab-mag",
      "script": "רַב־מָג",
      "donor_etymon": "rab mugi, an Assyrian/Babylonian officer title",
      "gloss": "a senior Babylonian officer",
      "wold_field_no": 19,
      "wold_field": "Social and political relations",
      "confidence": "probable",
      "attestations": "Jer 39:3; Jer 39:13",
      "note": ""
    },
    {
      "stratum": "akkadian",
      "lemma": "tartan",
      "script": "תַּרְתָּן",
      "donor_etymon": "turtanu 'commander-in-chief'",
      "gloss": "supreme military commander",
      "wold_field_no": 20,
      "wold_field": "Warfare and hunting",
      "confidence": "secure",
      "attestations": "2 Kgs 18:17; Isa 20:1",
      "note": "Tagged Warfare and hunting rather than Social and political relations by the core-denotation rule; note that the alternative tagging would RAISE the comparison stratum's passband share and further weaken the hypothesis."
    },
    {
      "stratum": "akkadian",
      "lemma": "'iddan",
      "script": "עִדָּן",
      "donor_etymon": "adannu 'appointed time, term'",
      "gloss": "time, period, appointed term",
      "wold_field_no": 14,
      "wold_field": "Time",
      "confidence": "secure",
      "attestations": "Dan 2:8; Dan 2:9; Dan 3:5; Dan 3:15; Dan 4:13; Dan 7:12; Dan 7:25",
      "note": "A second Akkadian time-word in the six books, alongside the calendar block."
    },
    {
      "stratum": "akkadian",
      "lemma": "kor",
      "script": "כֹּר",
      "donor_etymon": "kurru, a dry measure",
      "gloss": "kor, a large dry measure",
      "wold_field_no": 13,
      "wold_field": "Quantity",
      "confidence": "secure",
      "attestations": "Ezra 7:22; 2 Chr 2:9; Ezek 45:14",
      "note": ""
    },
    {
      "stratum": "akkadian",
      "lemma": "malah",
      "script": "מַלָּח",
      "donor_etymon": "malahu 'sailor'",
      "gloss": "sailor, mariner",
      "wold_field_no": 10,
      "wold_field": "Motion",
      "confidence": "secure",
      "attestations": "Ezek 27:9; Ezek 27:27; Ezek 27:29; Jonah 1:5",
      "note": ""
    },
    {
      "stratum": "akkadian",
      "lemma": "kuttonet",
      "script": "כֻּתֹּנֶת",
      "donor_etymon": "kitinnu / Sumerian gada, 'linen garment'",
      "gloss": "tunic",
      "wold_field_no": 6,
      "wold_field": "Clothing and grooming",
      "confidence": "probable",
      "attestations": "Gen 3:21; Gen 37:3; Exod 28:4; Lev 8:7",
      "note": ""
    },
    {
      "stratum": "akkadian",
      "lemma": "sadin",
      "script": "סָדִין",
      "donor_etymon": "sadinnu, a linen textile",
      "gloss": "linen wrapper, sheet",
      "wold_field_no": 6,
      "wold_field": "Clothing and grooming",
      "confidence": "probable",
      "attestations": "Judg 14:12; Judg 14:13; Isa 3:23; Prov 31:24",
      "note": ""
    },
    {
      "stratum": "akkadian",
      "lemma": "kisse'",
      "script": "כִּסֵּא",
      "donor_etymon": "kussu (ultimately Sumerian), 'seat, throne'",
      "gloss": "seat, throne",
      "wold_field_no": 7,
      "wold_field": "The house",
      "confidence": "probable",
      "attestations": "Esth 1:2; Esth 3:1; Dan 5:20; Dan 7:9; 1 Kgs 2:19",
      "note": "Tagged The house by the core-denotation rule (a seat). The defensible alternative — Social and political relations, since its biblical use is overwhelmingly royal — would RAISE the comparison stratum's passband share and weaken the hypothesis. Flagged so that a critic can make that move deliberately."
    },
    {
      "stratum": "akkadian",
      "lemma": "tarbit",
      "script": "תַּרְבִּית",
      "donor_etymon": "Akkadian financial terminology for accrued increase",
      "gloss": "interest on a loan",
      "wold_field_no": 11,
      "wold_field": "Possession",
      "confidence": "probable",
      "attestations": "Lev 25:36; Prov 28:8; Ezek 18:8",
      "note": ""
    },
    {
      "stratum": "egyptian",
      "lemma": "hartom",
      "script": "חַרְטֹם",
      "donor_etymon": "hry-tp 'chief lector-priest'",
      "gloss": "lector-priest, magician, dream-interpreter",
      "wold_field_no": 22,
      "wold_field": "Religion and belief",
      "confidence": "secure",
      "attestations": "Gen 41:8; Gen 41:24; Exod 7:11; Exod 7:22; Exod 9:11; Dan 1:20; Dan 2:2; Dan 2:10; Dan 2:27; Dan 4:6; Dan 5:11",
      "note": "The decisive entry in this stratum. An EGYPTIAN religious-professional title, borrowed into Hebrew, and attested inside the six books — in Daniel, beside the Akkadian 'ashshaf. Two foreign donors supplied Daniel with classes of religious specialist. Iranian supplied none."
    },
    {
      "stratum": "egyptian",
      "lemma": "ye'or",
      "script": "יְאֹר",
      "donor_etymon": "jtrw 'river'",
      "gloss": "the Nile; a river or canal",
      "wold_field_no": 1,
      "wold_field": "The physical world",
      "confidence": "secure",
      "attestations": "Gen 41:1; Gen 41:2; Exod 1:22; Isa 19:7; Dan 12:5; Dan 12:6",
      "note": "Also attested inside the six books (Daniel 12)."
    },
    {
      "stratum": "egyptian",
      "lemma": "suf",
      "script": "סוּף",
      "donor_etymon": "twf(y) 'papyrus, reeds'",
      "gloss": "reeds, rushes",
      "wold_field_no": 8,
      "wold_field": "Agriculture and vegetation",
      "confidence": "secure",
      "attestations": "Exod 2:3; Exod 2:5; Exod 13:18; Isa 19:6; Jonah 2:6",
      "note": ""
    },
    {
      "stratum": "egyptian",
      "lemma": "'ahu",
      "script": "אָחוּ",
      "donor_etymon": "Egyptian term for marsh vegetation",
      "gloss": "reed grass, marsh",
      "wold_field_no": 8,
      "wold_field": "Agriculture and vegetation",
      "confidence": "secure",
      "attestations": "Gen 41:2; Gen 41:18; Job 8:11",
      "note": ""
    },
    {
      "stratum": "egyptian",
      "lemma": "gome'",
      "script": "גֹּמֶא",
      "donor_etymon": "Egyptian term for papyrus",
      "gloss": "papyrus",
      "wold_field_no": 8,
      "wold_field": "Agriculture and vegetation",
      "confidence": "secure",
      "attestations": "Exod 2:3; Job 8:11; Isa 18:2; Isa 35:7",
      "note": ""
    },
    {
      "stratum": "egyptian",
      "lemma": "shesh",
      "script": "שֵׁשׁ",
      "donor_etymon": "ss 'fine linen, byssus'",
      "gloss": "fine linen",
      "wold_field_no": 6,
      "wold_field": "Clothing and grooming",
      "confidence": "secure",
      "attestations": "Gen 41:42; Exod 25:4; Exod 28:5; Prov 31:22; Ezek 27:7",
      "note": ""
    },
    {
      "stratum": "egyptian",
      "lemma": "tebah",
      "script": "תֵּבָה",
      "donor_etymon": "dbt 'chest, box'",
      "gloss": "chest, basket, ark",
      "wold_field_no": 7,
      "wold_field": "The house",
      "confidence": "probable",
      "attestations": "Gen 6:14; Gen 7:1; Exod 2:3; Exod 2:5",
      "note": ""
    },
    {
      "stratum": "egyptian",
      "lemma": "qeset",
      "script": "קֶסֶת",
      "donor_etymon": "gsti 'scribal palette'",
      "gloss": "scribe's palette or inkhorn",
      "wold_field_no": 18,
      "wold_field": "Speech and language",
      "confidence": "secure",
      "attestations": "Ezek 9:2; Ezek 9:3; Ezek 9:11",
      "note": "A scribal implement — the one Egyptian loan that touches the writing office."
    },
    {
      "stratum": "egyptian",
      "lemma": "'ebeh",
      "script": "אֵבֶה",
      "donor_etymon": "Egyptian term for a papyrus skiff",
      "gloss": "reed skiff",
      "wold_field_no": 10,
      "wold_field": "Motion",
      "confidence": "probable",
      "attestations": "Job 9:26",
      "note": ""
    },
    {
      "stratum": "egyptian",
      "lemma": "neter",
      "script": "נֶתֶר",
      "donor_etymon": "ntry 'natron'",
      "gloss": "natron, mineral alkali used as soap",
      "wold_field_no": 9,
      "wold_field": "Basic actions and technology",
      "confidence": "probable",
      "attestations": "Jer 2:22; Prov 25:20",
      "note": ""
    },
    {
      "stratum": "egyptian",
      "lemma": "'abrek",
      "script": "אַבְרֵךְ",
      "donor_etymon": "uncertain Egyptian herald's cry",
      "gloss": "a proclamation cried before Joseph's chariot",
      "wold_field_no": 24,
      "wold_field": "Miscellaneous function words",
      "confidence": "disputed",
      "attestations": "Gen 41:43",
      "note": ""
    },
    {
      "stratum": "egyptian",
      "lemma": "par'oh",
      "script": "פַּרְעֹה",
      "donor_etymon": "pr-'3 'great house', the royal title",
      "gloss": "Pharaoh, the Egyptian king",
      "wold_field_no": 19,
      "wold_field": "Social and political relations",
      "confidence": "disputed",
      "attestations": "Gen 41:1; Exod 5:1; 1 Kgs 3:1; Isa 19:11; Jer 25:19",
      "note": "A BORDERLINE CASE INCLUDED DELIBERATELY. The exclusion rule bars proper nouns, and par'oh functions as both title and name — so it could defensibly be dropped. It is kept because it is a royal-political title exactly parallel to 'ahasdarpan, and because excluding it would remove a Social-and-political entry from a comparison stratum and thereby flatter the hypothesis under test."
    }
  ]
}